![]() ![]() While non-governmental human rights organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights", significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, have been made following the death of the first president, Islam Karimov. Uzbekistan comprises 12 regions (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one autonomous republic, Karakalpakstan. Uzbekistan is a secular state, with a presidential constitutional government in place. ![]() Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan on 31 August 1991. In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. Conquests by Emperor Babur towards the east led to the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India.Īll of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of Russian Turkestan. The region was split into three states: the Khanate of Khiva, Khanate of Kokand, and Emirate of Bukhara. The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Uzbek Shaybanids in the 16th century, moving the centre of power to Bukhara. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. Timur (Tamerlane), who in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire, was from Shahrisabz. The local Khwarazmian dynasty was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Turkic peoples. During this period, cities such as Samarkand, Khiva, and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age, with figures such as Muhammad al-Bukhari, Al-Tirmidhi, al Khwarizmi, al-Biruni, Avicenna, and Omar Khayyam. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire converted most of the people, including the local ruling classes, into adherents of Islam. ![]() The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire, until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The first recorded settlers in what is now Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Bactria, and Sogdia in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD. ![]() Islam is the predominant religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being Sunni Muslims. Tajik is also spoken as a minority language, predominantly in Samarkand and Bukhara. Uzbek is the majority-spoken language in Uzbekistan, while Russian is widely spoken and understood throughout the country. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. It is surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north Kyrgyzstan to the northeast Tajikistan to the southeast Afghanistan to the south and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Uzbekistan ( UK: / ʊ z ˌ b ɛ k ɪ ˈ s t ɑː n, ʌ z-, - ˈ s t æ n/, US: / ʊ z ˈ b ɛ k ɪ s t æ n, - s t ɑː n/ Uzbek: O‘zbekiston, Ўзбекистон, pronounced Russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси), is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. dd.mm.yyyy format is used in Cyrillic scripts, including Russian.The next day was declared a national holiday by the Uzbek government, and became an Independence Day. On 31 August 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR voted to declare the country independent from the Soviet Union. ![]()
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